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Oracle : ORA-12516: TNS:리스너가 프로토콜 스택과 일치하는 처리기를 찾을 수 없습니다.

Problem
ORA-12516: TNS:리스너가 프로토콜 스택과 일치하는 처리기를 찾을 수 없습니다.

Cause
Oracle DB를 이동하여 Application을 가동하다 보면 위와 같은 Message와 마주칠 수 있습니다.

이는 동시 처리 가능한 Processes parameter 값을 초과했기 때문에 더 이상 Session을 연결할 수 없다는 message입니다.

Resolution
Processes parameter 값을 변경해주면 됩니다.

1. Oracle에 접속합니다.

<oracle @ oracle ~># sqlplus / as sysdba


2. Processes parameter 값을 확인합니다.

  1) show parameter를 이용하는 방법

SQL > show parameter processes;

NAME                                   TYPE     VALUE
-------------------------------------------------
aq_tm_processes               integer      1
db_writer_processes           integer      1
job_queue_processes          integer     10
log_archive_max_processes  integer      2
processes                          integer    150

  * 현재 동시 처리 가능한 Processes 값은 150입니다.

  2) select 문을 사용하는 방법

SQL > select * from v$resource_limit

RESOURCE_NAME CURRENT_UTILIZATION MAX_UTILIZATION INITIAL_ALLOCATION LIMIT_VALUE
processes 119 150        150        150
sessions 76 166        256        256
enqueue_locks 90 256       3350       3350
enqueue_resources 48 145       1344  UNLIMITED
ges_procs 0 0          0          0
ges_ress 0 0          0  UNLIMITED
ges_locks 0 0          0  UNLIMITED
ges_cache_ress           0 0          0  UNLIMITED
ges_reg_msgs 0 0          0  UNLIMITED
ges_big_msgs 0 0          0  UNLIMITED
ges_rsv_msgs           0 0          0          0
gcs_resources           0 0          0          0
gcs_shadows 0 0          0          0
dml_locks               2 2       1124  UNLIMITED
temporary_table_locks 0 111  UNLIMITED  UNLIMITED
transactions 1 1        281  UNLIMITED
branches 0 0        281  UNLIMITED
cmtcallbk 0 10        281  UNLIMITED
max_rollback_segments 12 36        281      65535



  * 첫 번째 줄의 processes에서 가장 오른쪽이 Limit 값입니다.

3. Processes parameter 변경

SQL > alter system set processes = 500 scope = spfile;
System Altered.


동시에 처리 가능한 Process의 숫자를 500개로 증가시켰습니다.

4. DB 재시작

SQL > shutdown immediate

Database closed.
Database dismounted.
Oracle instance shut down.

SQL > shutdown immediate

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 219223120 bytes
Fixed Size 451664 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 16777216 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

설정 값 적용을 위해 DB를 재시작합니다.


5. 설정 적용 확인

2번에서 알려드린 QUERY 문으로 확인하시면 설정이 변경 된 것을 알 수 있습니다.

- 끝 -

AIX Error Code

AIX Error Code입니다.

Diagnostic Load Progress Indicators  Top of page  
        c00 AIX Install/Maintenance loaded successfully.
        c01 Insert the first diagnostic diskette.
        c02 Diskettes inserted out of sequence.
        c03 The wrong diskette is in diskette drive.
        c04 The loading stopped with an irrecoverable error.
        c05 A diskette error occurred.
        c06 The rc.boot configuration shell script is unable to determine type of boot.
        c07 Insert the next diagnostic diskette.
        c08 RAM file system started incorrectly.
        c09 The diskette drive is reading or writing a diskette.
        c20 An unexpected halt occurred, and the system is configured  to enter the kernel debug program instead of entering a ystem dump.
        c21 The ifconfig command was unable to configure the network for the client network host.
        c22 The tftp command was unable to read client's ClientHostName info file during a client network boot.
        c24 Unable to read client's ClientHostName.info file during a client network boot.
        c25 Client did not mount remote miniroot during network install.
        c26 Client did not mount the /usr file system during the network boot.
        c29 The system was unable to configure the network device.
        c31 Select the console display for the diagnostics. To select No console display, set the key mode switch to Normal then to Service.
               The diagnostic programs then load and run the diagnostics automatically. If you continue to get the message, check the cables and make sure you are using the serial port.
        c32 A directly attached display (HFT) was selected.
        c33 A TTY terminal attached to serial ports S1 or S2 was selected.
        c34 A file was selected. The console messages store in a file.
        c35 No console found.
        c40 Configuration files are being restored.
        c41 Could not determine the boot type or device.
        c42 Extracting data files from diskette.
        c43 Cannot access the boot/install tape.
        c44 Initializing installation database with target disk information.
        c45 Cannot configure the console.
        c46 Normal installation processing.
        c47 Could not create a physical volume identifier (PVID) on disk.
        c48 Prompting you for input.
        c49 Could not create or form the JFS log.
        c50 Creating root volume group on target disks.
        c51 No paging devices were found.
        c52 Changing from RAM environment to disk environment.
        c53 Not enough space in the /tmp directory to do a preservation installation.
        c54 Installing either BOS or additional packages.
        c55 Could not remove the specified logical volume in a preservation installation.
        c56 Running user-defined customization.
        c57 Failure to restore BOS.
        c58 Displaying message to turn the key.
        c59 Could not copy either device special files, device ODM, or volume group information from RAM to disk.
        c61 Failed to create the boot image.
        c62 Loading platform dependent debug files.
        c63 Loading platform dependent data files.
        c64 Failed to load platform dependent data files.
        c70 Problem Mounting diagnostic CD-ROM disc.
        c99 Diagnostics have completed. This code is only used when there is no console.
        Fxx (xx is any number) Refer to Firmware chapter of the service manual.

Dump Progress Indicators (Dump Status Codes)        0c0 The dump completed successfully.
        0c1 The dump failed due to an I/O error.
        0c2 A dump, requested by the user, is started.
        0c3 The dump is inhibited.
        0c4 The dump device is not large enough.
        0c5 The dump did not start, or the dump crashed.
        0c6 Dumping to a secondary dump device.
        0c7 Reserved.
        0c8 The dump function is disabled.
        0c9 A dump is in progress.
        0cc Unknown dump failure
 
 
Crash Codes
Category 1
  Dump analysis is  the appropriate  first action  in Problem Determination,  begin the  Problem Determination  process with software support.
       
Category 2
  Dump analysis most likely will not aid in Problem Determination, begin the Problem Determination process with hardware support.
       
Category 3
  Both software and hardware support may be needed  in Problem Determination, go to MAP 0070:
  888  Sequence in Operator Panel Display in Diagnostic Information for Multiple Bus Systemsto assist in problem isolation.
        Category 1
                300 Data storage interrupt from the processor.
                32x Data storage interrupt because of an I/O exception from IOCC.
                38x Data storage interrupt because of an I/O exception from SLA.
                400 Instruction storage interrupt.
                700 Program interrupt.
       
        Category 2
                200 Machine check because of a memory bus error.
                201 Machine check because of a memory timeout.
                202 Machine check because of a memory card failure.
                203 Machine check because of a out of range address.
                204 Machine check because of an attempt to write to ROS.
                205 Machine check because of an uncorrectable address parity.
                206 Machine check because of an uncorrectable ECC error.
                207 Machine check because of an unidentified error.
                208 Machine check due to an L2 uncorrectable ECC.
                500 External interrupt because of a scrub memory bus error.
                501 External interrupt because of an unidentified error.
                51x External interrupt because of a DMA memory bus error.
                52x External interrupt because of an IOCC channel check.
                53x External interrupt from an IOCC bus timeout; x represents the IOCC number.
                54x External interrupt because of an IOCC keyboard check.
                800 Floating point is not available.
        Category 3
                000 Unexpected system interrupt.
                558 There is not enough memory to continue the IPL.
                600 AIX 4.3.3.3 and above: Alignment Interrupt.
                    If pre-AIX 4.3.3.3: AIX has crashed because the Portability Assist Layer (PAL) for this
                    machine type has detected a problem.
                605 AIX has crashed because the Portability Assist Layer (PAL) for this
                    machine type has detected a problem (AIX 4.3.3.3 and above). 

Configuration Program Indicators        2E6 The PCI Differential Ultra SCSI adapter or the Universal PCI Differential Ultra SCSI adapter being configured.
        2E7 Configuration method unable to determine if the SCSI adapter type is SE or DE type.
        440 9.1GB Ultra SCSI Disk Drive being identified or configured.
        441 18.2GB Ultra SCSI Disk Drive being identified or configured.
        444 2-Port Multiprotocol PCI Adapter (ASIC) being identified or configured.
        447 PCI 64-bit Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop Adapter being configured.
        500 Querying Standard I/O slot.
        501 Querying card in Slot 1.
        502 Querying card in Slot 2.
        503 Querying card in Slot 3.
        504 Querying card in Slot 4.
        505 Querying card in Slot 5.
        506 Querying card in Slot 6.
        507 Querying card in Slot 7.
        508 Querying card in Slot 8.
        510 Starting device configuration.
        511 Device configuration completed.
        512 Restoring device configuration files from media.
        513 Restoring basic operating system installation files from media.
        516 Contacting server during network boot.
        517 Mounting client remote file system during network IPL.
        518 Remote mount of the root (/) and /usr file systems failed during network boot.
        520 Bus configuration running.
        521 /etc/init invoked cfgmgr with invalid options;
            /etc/inithas been corrupted or incorrectly modified (irrecoverable error).
        522 The configuration manager has been invoked with conflicting options (irrecoverable error).
        523 The configuration manager is unable to access the ODM database (irrecoverable error).
        524 The configuration manager is unable to access the config.rules object in the ODM database
        525 The configuration manager is unable to get data from a customized device object in the ODM database
        526 The configuration manager is unable to get data from a customized device driver object in the ODM database
        527 The configuration manager was invoked with the phase 1 flag; running phase 1 at this point is not permitted
        528 The configuration manager cannot find sequence rule, or no program name was specified in the ODM database
        529 The configuration manager is unable to update ODM data (irrecoverable error).
        530 The program savebase returned an error.
        531 The configuration manager is unable to access the PdAt object class (irrecoverable error).
        532 There is not enough memory to continue (malloc failure); irrecoverable error.
        533 The configuration manager could not find a configuration method for a device.
        534 The configuration manager is unable to acquire database lock (irrecoverable error).
        535 HIPPI diagnostics interface driver being configured.
        536 The configuration manager encountered more than one sequence rule specified in the same phase
        537 The configuration manager encountered an error when invoking the program in the sequence rule.
        538 The configuration manager is going to invoke a configuration method.
        539 The configuration method has terminated, and control has returned to the configuration manager.
        541 A DLT tape device is being configured.
        549 Console could not be configured for the Copy a System Dump Menu.
        551 IPL vary-on is running.
        552 IPL vary-on failed.
        553 IPL phase 1 is complete.
        554 The boot device could not be opened or read, or unable to define NFS swap device during network boot.
        555 An ODM error occurred when trying to vary-on the rootvg, or unable to create an NFS swap device during network boot.
        556 Logical Volume Manager encountered error during IPL vary-on.
        557 The root filesystem does not mount.
        558 There is not enough memory to continue the system IPL.
        559 Less than 2 M bytes of good memory are available to load the AIX kernel.
        569 FCS SCSI protocol device is being configured (32 bits).
        570 Virtual SCSI devices being configured.
        571 HIPPI common function device driver being configured.
        572 HIPPI IPI-3 master transport driver being configured.
        573 HIPPI IPI-3 slave transport driver being configured.
        574 HIPPI IPI-3 transport services user interface device driver being configured.
        575 A 9570 disk-array driver being configured.
        576 Generic async device driver being configured.
        577 Generic SCSI device driver being configured.
        578 Generic commo device driver being configured.
        579 Device driver being configured for a generic device.
        580 HIPPI TCPIP network interface driver being configured.
        581 Configuring TCP/IP.
        582 Configuring Token-Ring data link control.
        583 Configuring an Ethernet data link control.
        584 Configuring an IEEE Ethernet data link control.
        585 Configuring an SDLC MPQP data link control.
        586 Configuring a QLLC X.25 data link control.
        587 Configuring a NETBIOS.
        588 Configuring a Bisync Read-Write (BSCRW).
        589 SCSI target mode device being configured.
        590 Diskless remote paging device being configured.
        591 Configuring an LVM device driver.
        592 Configuring an HFT device driver.
        593 Configuring SNA device drivers.
        594 Asynchronous I/O being defined or configured.
        595 X.31 pseudo-device being configured.
        596 SNA DLC/LAPE pseudo-device being configured.
        597 OCS software being configured.
        598 OCS hosts being configured during system reboot.
        599 Configuring FDDI data link control.
        59B FCS SCSI protocol device being configured (64 bits).
        5C0 Streams-based hardware drive being configured.
        5C1 Streams-based X.25 protocol being configured.
        5C2 Streams-based X.25 COMIO emulator driver being configured
        5C3 Streams-based X.25 TCP/IP interface driver being configured.
        5C4 FCS adapter device driver being configured.
        5C5 SCB network device driver for FCS being configured.
        5C6 AIX SNA channel being configured.
        600 Starting network boot portion of /sbin/rc.boot.
        602 Configuring network parent devices.
        603 /usr/lib/methods/defsys, /usr/lib/methods/cfgsys, or /usr/lib/methods/cfgbus failed.
        604 Configuring physical network boot device.
        605 Configuration of physical network boot device failed.
        606 Running /usr/sbin/ifconfig on logical network boot device.
        607 /usr/sbin/ifconfig failed.
        608 Attempting to retrieve the client.info file with tftp.Note that a flashing 608 indicates multiple attempt(s)
            to etriever the client_info file are occurring.
        609 The client.info file does not exist or it is zero length.
        60B 18.2GB 68-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        610 Attempting remote mount of NFS file system.
        611 Remote mount of the NFS file system failed.
        612 Accessing remote files; unconfiguring network boot device.
        614 Configuring local paging devices.
        615 Configuration of a local paging device failed.
        616 Converting from diskless to dataless configuration.
        617 Diskless to dataless configuration failed.
        618 Configuring remote (NFS) paging devices.
        619 Configuration of a remote (NFS) paging device failed.
        61B 36.4GB 80-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        61D 36.4GB 80-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        61E 18.2GB 68-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        620 Updating special device files and ODM in permanent filesystem with data from boot RAM filesystem.
        621 9.1 GB LVD 80-pin SCSI Drive being configured.
        622 Boot process configuring for operating system installation.
        62D 9.1GB 68-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        62E 9.1GB 68-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        636 TURBROWAYS 622 Mbps PCI MMF ATM Adapter.
        637 Dual Channel PCI-2 Ultra2 SCSI Adapter being configured.
        638 4.5GB Ultra SCSI Single Ended Disk Drive being configured.
        639 9.1GB 10K RPM Ultra SCSI Disk Drive (68-pin).
        63A See 62D.
        63B 9.1GB 80-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        63C See 60B.
        63D 18.2GB 80-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        63E 36.4GB 68-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        63F See 61B.
        640 9.1GB 10K RPM Ultra SCSI Disk Drive (80-pin).
        646 High-Speed Token-Ring PCI Adapter being configured.
        64A See 62E.
        64B 9.1GB 80-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        64C See 61E.
        64D 18.2 GB LVD 80-pin Drive/Carrier being configured.
        64E 36.4GB 68-pin LVD SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        64F See 61D.
        650 IBM SCSD disk drive being configured.
        653 18.2GB Ultra-SCSI 16-bit Disk Drive being configured.
        655 GXT130P Graphics adapter being configured.
        657 GXT2000P graphics adapter being configured.
        658 PCI Fibre Channel Disk Subsystem Controller being identified or configured.
        659 2102 Fibre Channel Disk Subsystem Controller Drawer being identified or configured.
        660 2102 Fibre Channel Disk Array being identified or configured.
        662 Ultra2 Integrated SCSI controller.
        663 The ARTIC960RxD Digital Trunk Quad PCI Adapter or the ARTIC960RxF Digital Trunk Resource Adapter being configured.
        664 32x (MAX) SCSI-2 CD-ROM drive being configured.
        667 PCI 3-Channel Ultra2 SCSI RAID Adapter being configured.
        669 PCI Gigabit Ethernet Adapter being configured.
        66C 10/100/1000 Base-T EthernetPCI Adapter.
        66D PCI 4-Channel Ultra-3 SCSI RAID Adapter.
        66E 4.7 GB DVD-RAM drive.
        674 ESCON(R) Channel PCI Adapter being configured.
        677 PCI 32-bit Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop Adapter being configured.
        67B PCI Cryptographic Coprocessor being configured.
        682 20x (MAX) SCSI-2 CD-ROM Drive being configured.
        689 4.5GB Ultra SCSI Single Ended Disk Drive being configured.
        68C 20 GB 4-mm Tape Drive being configured.
        68E POWER GXT6000P PCI Graphics Adapter.
        690 9.1GB Ultra SCSI Single Ended Disk Drive being configured.
        69b 64-bit/66MHz PCI ATM 155 MMF PCI adapter being configured.
        69d 64-bit/66MHz PCI ATM 155 UTP PCI adapter being configured.
        6CC SSA disk drive being configured.
        700 A 1.1 GB 8-bit SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        701 A 1.1 GB 16-bit SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        702 A 1.1 GB 16-bit differential SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        703 A 2.2 GB 8-bit SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        704 A 2.2 GB 16-bit SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        705 The configuration method for the 2.2 GB 16-bit differential SCSI disk drive is being run.
            If an irrecoverable error occurs, the system halts.
        706 A 4.5 GB 16-bit SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        707 A 4.5 GB 16-bit differential SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        708 A L2 cache being identified or configured.
        710 POWER GXT150M graphics adapter being identified or configured.
        711 Unknown adapter being identified or configured.
        712 Graphics slot bus configuration is executing.
        713 The IBM ARTIC960 device being configured.
        714 A video capture adapter being configured.
        715 The Ultramedia Services audio adapter being configured. (this number displays briefly on the panel).
        717 TP Ethernet Adapter being configured.
        718 GXT500 Graphics Adapter being configured.
        720 Unknown read/write optical drive type being configured.
        721 Unknown disk or SCSI device being identified or configured.
        722 Unknown disk being identified or configured.
        723 Unknown CD-ROM being identified or configured.
        724 Unknown tape drive being identified or configured.
        725 Unknown display adapter being identified or configured.
        726 Unknown input device being identified or configured.
        727 Unknown async device being identified or configured.
        728 Parallel printer being identified or configured.
        729 Unknown parallel device being identified or configured.
        730 Unknown diskette drive being identified or configured.
        731 PTY being identified or configured.
        732 Unknown SCSI initiator type being configured.
        733 7GB 8 mm tape drive being configured.
        734 4x SCSI-2 640 MB CD-ROM Drive being configured.
        736 Quiet Touch keyboard and speaker cable being configured.
        741 1080 MB SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        745 16GB 4 mm Tape Auto Loader being configured.
        746 SCSI-2 Fast/Wide PCI Adapter being configured.
        747 SCSI-2 Differential Fast/Wide PCI Adapter being configured.
        749 7331 Model 205 Tape Library being configured.
        751 SCSI 32-bit SE F/W RAID Adapter being configured.
        754 1.1GB 16-bit SCSI disk drive being configured.
        755 2.2GB 16-bit SCSI disk drive being configured.
        756 4.5GB 16-bit SCSI disk drive being configured.
        757 External 13GB 1.5M/s 1/4 inch tape being configured.
        763 SP Switch MX Adapter being configured.
        764 SP System Attachment Adapter being configured.
        772 4.5GB SCSI F/W Disk Drive being configured.
        773 9.1GB SCSI F/W Disk Drive being configured.
        774 9.1GB External SCSI Disk Drive being configured.
        776 PCI Token-Ring Adapter being identified or configured.
        777 10/100 Ethernet Tx PCI Adapter being identified or configured.
        778 POWER GXT3000P 3D PCI Graphics adapter being configured.
        77B 4-Port 10/100 Ethernet Tx PCI Adapter being identified or configured.
        77c A 1.0 GB 16-bit SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        783 4 mm DDS-2 Tape Autoloader being configured.
        789 2.6 GB External Optical Drive being configured.
        78B POWER GXT4000P PCI Graphics Adapter.
        78C PCI bus configuration executing.
        78D GXT300P 2D Graphics adapter being configured.
        790 Multi-bus Integrated Ethernet Adapter being identified or configured.
        797 TURBOWAYS(R) 155 UTP/STP ATM Adapter being identified or configured.
        798 Video streamer adapter being identified or configured.
        799 2-Port Multiprotocol PCI adapter being identified or configured.
        79c ISA bus configuration executing.
        7C0 CPU/System Interface being configured.
        7C1 Business Audio Subsystem being identified or configured.
        7cc PCMCIA bus configuration executing.
        800 TURBOWAYS 155 MMF ATM Adapter being identified or configured.
        803 7336 Tape Library robotics being configured.
        804 8x Speed SCSI-2 CD-ROM Drive being configured.
        806 POWER GXT800 PCI Graphics adapter being configured.
        807 SCSI Device Enclosure being configured.
        80c SSA 4-Port Adapter being identified or configured.
        811 Processor complex being identified or configured.
        812 Memory being identified or configured.
        813 Battery for time-of-day, NVRAM, and so on being identified or configured
            or system I/O control logic being identified or configured.
        814 NVRAM being identified or configured.
        815 Floating-point processor test.
        816 Operator panel logic being identified or configured.
        817 Time-of-day logic being identified or configured.
        819 Graphics input device adapter being identified or configured.
        821 Standard keyboard adapter being identified or configured.
        823 Standard mouse adapter being identified or configured.
        824 Standard tablet adapter being identified or configured.
        825 Standard speaker adapter being identified or configured.
        826 Serial Port 1 adapter being identified or configured.
        827 Parallel port adapter being identified or configured.
        828 Standard diskette adapter being identified or configured.
        831 3151 adapter being identified or configured, or Serial Port 2 being identified or configured.
        834 64-port async controller being identified or configured.
        835 16-port async concentrator being identified or configured.
        836 128-port async controller being identified or configured.
        837 16-port remote async node being identified or configured.
        838 Network Terminal Accelerator Adapter being identified or configured.
        839 7318 Serial Communications Server being configured.
        840 PCI Single-Ended Ultra SCSI Adapter being configured.
        841 8-port async adapter (EIA-232) being identified or configured.
        842 8-port async adapter (EIA-422A) being identified or configured.
        843 8-port async adapter (MIL-STD 188) being identified or configured.
        844 7135 RAIDiant Array disk drive subsystem controller being identified or configured.
        845 7135 RAIDiant Array disk drive subsystem drawer being identified or configured.
        846 RAIDiant Array SCSI 1.3GB Disk Drive being configured.
        847 16-port serial adapter (EIA-232) being identified or configured.
        848 16-port serial adapter (EIA-422) being identified or configured.
        849 X.25 Interface Coprocessor/2 adapter being identified or configured.
        850 Token-Ring network adapter being identified or configured.
        851 T1/J1 Portmaster(R) adapter being identified or configured.
        852 Ethernet adapter being identified or configured.
        854 3270 Host Connection Program/6000 connection being identified or configured.
        855 Portmaster Adapter/A being identified or configured.
        857 FSLA adapter being identified or configured.
        858 5085/5086/5088 adapter being identified or configured.
        859 FDDI adapter being identified or configured.
        85c Token-Ring High-Performance LAN adapter being identified or configured.
        861 Optical adapter being identified or configured.
        862 Block Multiplexer Channel Adapter being identified or configured.
        865 ESCON Channel Adapter or emulator being identified or configured.
        866 SCSI adapter being identified or configured.
        867 Async expansion adapter being identified or configured.
        868 SCSI adapter being identified or configured.
        869 SCSI adapter being identified or configured.
        870 Serial disk drive adapter being identified or configured.
        871 Graphics subsystem adapter being identified or configured.
        872 Grayscale graphics adapter being identified or configured.
        874 Color graphics adapter being identified or configured.
        875 Vendor generic communication adapter being configured.
        876 8-bit color graphics processor being identified or configured.
        877 POWER Gt3(TM)/POWER Gt4(TM) being identified or configured.
        878 POWER Gt4 graphics processor card being configured.
        879 24-bit color graphics card, MEV2 being configured.
        880 POWER Gt1(TM) adapter being identified or configured.
        887 Integrated Ethernet adapter being identified or configured.
        889 SCSI adapter being identified or configured.
        890 SCSI-2 Differential Fast/Wide and Single-Ended Fast/Wide Adapter/A being configured.
        891 Vendor SCSI adapter being identified or configured.
        892 Vendor display adapter being identified or configured.
        893 Vendor LAN adapter being identified or configured.
        894 Vendor async/communications adapter being identified or configured.
        895 Vendor IEEE 488 adapter being identified or configured.
        896 Vendor VME bus adapter being identified or configured.
        897 S/370(TM) Channel Emulator adapter being identified or configured.
        898 POWER Gt1x(TM) graphics adapter being identified or configured.
        899 3490 attached tape drive being identified or configured.
        89c A multimedia SCSI CD-ROM being identified or configured.
        900 GXT110P Graphics Adapter being identified or configured.
        901 Vendor SCSI device being identified or configured.
        902 Vendor display device being identified or configured.
        903 Vendor async device being identified or configured.
        904 Vendor parallel device being identified or configured.
        905 Vendor other device being identified or configured.
        908 POWER GXT1000 Graphics subsystem being identified or configured.
        910 1/4GB Fiber Channel/266 Standard Adapter being identified or configured.
        911 Fiber Channel/1063 Adapter Short Wave being configured.
        912 2.0GB SCSI-2 differential disk drive being identified or configured.
        913 1.0GB differential disk drive being identified or configured.
        914 5GB 8 mm differential tape drive being identified or configured.
        915 4GB 4 mm tape drive being identified or configured.
        916 Non-SCSI vendor tape adapter being identified or configured.
        917 A 2.0 GB 16-bit differential SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        918 A 2 GB 16-bit single-ended SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        920 Bridge Box being identified or configured.
        921 101 keyboard being identified or configured.
        922 102 keyboard being identified or configured.
        923 Kanji keyboard being identified or configured.
        924 Two-button mouse being identified or configured.
        925 Three-button mouse being identified or configured.
        926 5083 tablet being identified or configured.
        927 5083 tablet being identified or configured.
        928 Standard speaker being identified or configured.
        929 Dials being identified or configured.
        930 Lighted program function keys (LPFK) being identified or configured.
        931 IP router being identified or configured.
        933 Async planar being identified or configured.
        934 Async expansion drawer being identified or configured.
        935 3.5-inch diskette drive being identified or configured.
        936 5.25-inch diskette drive being identified or configured.
        937 An HIPPI adapter being configured.
        938 Serial HIPPI PCI adapter being configured.
        942 POWER GXT 100 graphics adapter being identified or configured.
        943 A 3480 or 3490 control unit attached to a System/370 Channel Emulator/A adapter are being identified or configured.
        944 100MB ATM adapter being identified or configured.
        945 1.0GB SCSI differential disk drive being identified or configured.
        946 Serial port 3 adapter being identified or configured.
        947 A 730MB SCSI disk drive being configured.
        948 Portable disk drive being identified or configured.
        949 Unknown direct bus-attach device being identified or configured.
        950 Missing SCSI device being identified or configured.
        951 670MB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        952 355MB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        953 320MB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        954 400MB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        955 857MB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        956 670MB SCSI disk drive electronics card being identified or configured.
        957 120 MB DBA disk drive being identified or configured.
        958 160 MB DBA disk drive being identified or configured.
        959 160 MB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        960 1.37GB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        964 Internal 20 GB 8 mm tape drive identified or configured.
        968 1.0 GB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        970 Half-inch, 9-track tape drive being identified or configured.
        971 150 MB 1/4-inch tape drive being identified or configured.
        972 2.3 GB 8 mm SCSI tape drive being identified or configured.
        973 Other SCSI tape drive being identified or configured.
        974 CD-ROM drive being identified or configured.
        975 An optical disk drive being identified or configured.
        977 M-Audio Capture and Playback Adapter being identified or configured.
        981 540MB SCSI-2 single-ended disk drive being identified or configured.
        984 1GB 8-bit disk drive being identified or configured.
        985 M-Video Capture Adapter being identified or configured.
        986 2.4GB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        987 An Enhanced SCSI CD-ROM drive being identified or configured.
        989 200MB SCSI disk drive being identified or configured.
        990 2.0GB SCSI-2 single-ended disk drive being identified or configured.
        991 525MB 1/4-inch cartridge tape drive being identified or configured.
        994 5 GB 8 mm tape drive being identified or configured.
        995 1.2GB 1/4 inch cartridge tape drive being identified or configured.
        996 A single-port, multiprotocol communications adapter being identified or configured.
        997 FDDI adapter being identified or configured.
        998 2.0 GB 4 mm tape drive being identified or configured.
        999 7137 or 3514 Disk Array Subsystem being configured.
        D46 Token-Ring cable
        D81 T2 Ethernet Adapter being configured.
        2530 10/100 Mbps Ethernet PCI Adapter II being configured.  

IBM QRadar 2) Main Features

※ 한글로 보기

After Introduction, I will find about QRadar's main features and information.

This posting will be used for make you to know concept of features, for more detail function will be explained next time.

You can think QRadar is software that be installed on RHEL6.

To be exact, there are two type for QRadar, It are 'Appliance type' and 'Software type', But I will talk you QRadar is software for easy understanding.

Now, Latest version is 7.2, Build number 636622.

QRadar was main released 7.2 version recently.

There are many new features, but these feature will be posted next time because It's too long.

Okay.

Let's see QRadar's architecture before see main features.


It is based on RHEL6, most of law data is stored on Ariel database.

Processed data and Configurations are stored on PostgreSQL.

And Green boxes can be called core that collecting, processing, storing logs in QRadar.

All tasks are working on terminal and we can view this tasks also using SSL GUI Web Console, and we can work on Graphic interface.

Please ask to me if you want to know about this diagram.

I will post more about this information.

Now, We can see QRadar Web console.


As screenshot, there are many information immediately connect here.

It might show you rudeness, so I will explain you about each tabs.

Firstly, above feature is 'Dashboard'.

Based on collected logs, We can confirm 'what logs were collected more', 'how actions were detected', 'what kind of threats are exist in our infrastructure'.

There are 5 dashboard that be supplied from IBM, We can create new dashboard using widget that we want only.



Next tab is 'Offense' to be purpose to use QRadar.

It shows us threat after analyzing Event / Flow logs.

It reduces extravagance of man power because It is showing to us core information only in many of log data.

IBM X-Force research institute update rules that be able to analyze new threats, and user can makes rules also, rules feature is used widely.

But infrastructures of all company are not same, so rule cab makes incorrect information.

So we have to customize these.

Offense feature is so important.

QRadar is placed on top layer of security diagram as I told you before post.

In QRadar, Offense feature is point, it is meaning how many important QRadar.

If it is configured correctly, We can confirm threats and analyze threats with out monitoring in UTM / IPS / Viruswall / etc.

So, We can think about Offense feature is fist monitoring screen to view many threat, it tell users about threats, then users have to analyze related solution.

We need materials to make something.

To make integrated threat monitoring system, log / flow data are be material for making Offense.

● Log Activity - Event Log Data Viewer                     

● Network Activity - Flow Data Viewer                       


So, are used log / flow data for offense only?

Yes, You can think like that, but it is wrong.

Those can be used other functions.

Purpose of original plan to collect logs is to make offense, but while collecting logs, these can be used other ways.

We can abstract meaningful data.

For example, We can make below charts.

● Most used Network Application                    
● Time series Chart for viewing traffic usage              


You can see these easy as kissing my thumb, to use this feature can show us unauthorized web sites, traffic size when not working times.

I gave you simple example, but we can make use this feature to get more meaningful data.

And there is 'Assets' tab.




We can know after see name, this feature is to manage assets in our infrastructure.

But this feature is not good, Please don't expect, I guess It can't make better effect.

Because It find IP list in the infrastructure but It can't know about detail OS, MAC Addresses, Author name. So You have to fill asset format passive typing, It is never useful.

Maybe most of company has servers, networks, solutions too much.

Passive registering on the Asset is not useful, There are many of better solutions.

And There is 'Server Discovery' feature in Assets.

It is working to find frequently accessed port, QRadar guess what kind of server.

So you have to enable Flow feature, If server don't use standard port you have to customize port numbers.

Finally, We can use VA.

It scan how many vulnerability is exist on infrastructure.

Before release 7.2 version, QRadar must have 3rd party scanner program.

When 3rd party scanner program find vulnerability, QRadar use this result.

  Open source 3rd part scanner : NMap, Nessus

In now days, IBM released scanner for using QRadar.

But I can't make sure is it working better then exist scanners.

If scanner find vulnerability, QRadar manage to solve this vulnerability with life-cycle.

Next is 'Reports'


I told you log and flow data can be used to utilize for you.

QRadar collect log and flow, process data, give us useful data.

Report is one of useful data on QRadar.

Report can be generated as schedules, We can make use this result for regular reporting.

Finally, We will investigate 'Aadmin' tab


In here, there are many buttons to configure settings related user, log, system.

Finding vulnerability, defining dangerous web site, configuring life-cycle of data, It's are in here.

We investigated main feature of QRadar.

I will post detail ability about QRadar.

See you.


Related Links

IBM QRadar 1) Introduction

VMware ESXi5 mirror port(span port) 기능 사용

※ View as English

해당 기능을 사용하기 위해서는 반드시 mirror port / span port 기능이 활성화된 Switch와 연결이 되어있어야합니다. 

Switch에서 mirror port 혹은 span port 설정 후 VMware Host와 연결하여 가상 머신에서 Traffic 정보를 확인하고자 할 때 반드시 활성화해주어야 하는 기능입니다.

아래 Tutorial을 참조해주세요.

1. vSphere client를 통해 esxi server 접속

2. 'Configuration' tab 진입


3. 'Networking' 선택


4. 설정하고자 하는 vNIC의 'Properties' 선택


5. vSwitch 선택 후 'Edit' 기능 선택


6. 'Security' tab 내  'Promiscuous Mode'를 'Accept'로 변경



설정은 끝났습니다.

이제 mirror port를 활용하실 수 있습니다.

Traffic 정보 확인을 원하는 가상 머신에 vNIC을 할당 후 활용하시면 됩니다.

Configuring mirror port(span port) on VMware ESXi5

※ 한글로 보기

Before setting this option, mirror port must be created on switch that connected with host. 

If someone want to configure mirror port on VMware ESXi5 for monitoring or collecting network traffic, it's solution.

  * mirror port is called also span port.

1. Connect esxi host using vSphere client.

2. Go to 'Configuration' tab.


3. Click 'Networking'


4. Click 'Properties' on vNIC that you want to config on.


5. Choose vSwitch, then click 'Edit' button.


6. Click 'Security' tab, Reconfigure 'Promiscuous Mode' to 'Accept'.



Setting is done.

You can use span port.

Just set up to virtual machine that want to view traffic data.

IBM QRadar 1) Introduction

※ 한글로 보기


This article will explain about IBM QRadar that belong SIEM(Security Information Event Management) solution.

If you want to know about SIEM, please see below link.

http://justckh.blogspot.kr/2013/09/siemsecurity-information-event.html


Firstly, QRadar is placed on 'leaders' group with HP Arcsight, McAfee from report of Gartner research organization.


                           ※ Source : Gartner

This graph shows you Splunk and LogRhythm are placed on 'leaders' group also.

QRadar was developed from Q1labs for many years, IBM token over Q1labs on 2012.

IBM that have QRadar is trying and planning to place QRadar on top of IBM Security Systems.

So, QRadar is placed on 'Security Intelligence and Analytics' as below image.

It is used for analystic threat and report threat automatically to us about People, Data, Application, Infrastructure fields.

                                   ※ Source: IBM


Basic process is same as other SIEM solutions.


                  ※ Source : IBM

'Collecting all logs, Analyze collection, Finding attack / threat'

QRadar show potential threat, practical threat using 'Offense' option'

This Offense are made by Custom Rules.

When QRadar collect log data, QRadar judgement either threat or non-threat using Custom Rules.

It can be level of threat for just one log, It can find offenses after analyse using time relation, and other logs relation.

Offense option is key function in QRadar.

IBM has X-Force security research institute, they work for new security trends, threat to update QRadar Rules.

It means QRadar can find new threat as many of APT(Advanced Persistence Threat) attacks, but You have not to be overcredulous because It can be correctness data.

Offense can be correctness data as other Security solutions.

QRadar makes offense using logs that other solution send message to QRadar, If this message is incorrect, QRadar can't assure accuracy about Offense data.

QRadar has many functions, I will tell you about Flow function in this part.

Flow function is to analyze Network Traffic. QRadar can view Layer 7 data, so It can find threat that be not able to find threat using only log data.

For example, there is one client that drain out company data using network regularly, QRadar can know how many data was out.

And It can show history about usage of network application, usage of traffic for time series.

This function works for advantage to find threat that log data can't find.

Add to this, QRadar can scan vulnerability on Infrastructure to manage vulnerability or Offense.

QRadar don't stop to use vulnerability to use only detect, It is used for managing vulnerability also.

This posting includes introduction of QRadar.

I will post detail function of QRadar next time.



Related Links

IBM QRadar 2) Main feature

Map-Reduce의 개념

Map-Reduce는 흔히들 이야기하는 Big-Data의 가장 기본적인 일종의 개념이라고 볼 수 있습니다.

대용량 Data를 처리하기 위해 제시된 Model입니다.

기존의 RDBMS(Relational Database Management System)은 어느 정도의 대용량 Data를 처리하는 것에 있어서 큰 문제는 없었습니다.

하지만 지금의 Data 양은 종전과 달리 기하급수적으로 증가하였고, RDBMS가 처리하기에는 성능적인 측면에서 부족함을 보여주고있습니다.

RDBMS는 Data가 많아질 수록 원하는 Data를 검색하는데에 소요되는 시간이 길어질 수 밖에 없습니다.

이 때문에 등장한 것이 Map-Reduce입니다.

Map-Reduce로 검색을 할 때, Map과 Reduce라는 두 가지 절차를 거칩니다.

어떤 Data를 Mapping한 후 Reducing하여 결과를 도출하는 방법입니다.

Map은 Map Function을 이용해 검색 대상 내에 존재하는 모든 문장을 한 단어 단위로 쪼갭니다.

이후 쪼개진 결과를 처리하기 편한 형태로 정렬을 하게 되고, Reduce Function을 이용해 단어별로 Count하는 것이 가장 기본적인 동작 방식입니다.

아래의 그림을 참조하시면 좀 더 쉽게 이해하실 수 있습니다.


여기서는 단순히 4개의 문장으로 예를 들었지만, 실제로는 수 없이 많은 Data로 이루어집니다.

그림과 같이, 각 단어별로 나타난 숫자를 더한 결과로 가장 적합한 Data를 찾아내게 됩니다.

이 때, 단어(This, is, MR 등)은 Key가 되며, 숫자 1은 Value가 됩니다.

가장 간단하게 설명을 드리자면 예를 들어, '피자' 라는 키워드로 검색을 하게 되면 Map-Reduce 기법을 통해 '피자'라는 단어가 가장 많이 들어간 Page를 찾아주는 것이라고 생각하시면 됩니다.

즉, Pizza라는 Key의 Value 값이 가장 높은 Page입니다.

물론 해당 단어가 가장 많다고해서 사용자가 원하는 정확한 결과물이 아닐수도 있기 때문에 더 많은 수식이 들어가기는 합니다.

처음에도 언급하였던 것 처럼 Map-Reduce는 기존의 RDBMS에서 처리할 수 없었던 대용량 Data 처리를 위해 개발되었습니다.

때문에 Data가 작은 경우 검색 속도가 오히려 줄어들 수도 있습니다.

Map-Reduce를 활용한 Apache Hadoop Solution 및 실제 활용 사례는 추후에 게시하도록 하겠습니다.

SIEM(Security Information Event Management)

1. Instruction

보안의 최상단에 위치하고 있다는 SIEM(Security Information Event Management)에 대하여 조사를 해보았습니다.

SIEM은 한국어로 '심'이라고 발음하기도 하며, 말 그대로 '에스아이이엠'이라고 부르기도 합니다.

많은 제조사들이 SIEM을 만들었고 있기 때문에 SIEM의 사전적 의미도 다양합니다.

Security Intelligence Event Management, Security Information Event Management 등 다양한 이름으로 불려지고 있습니다.

이번 포스팅은 SIEM의 용도 및 사용하는 이유 등에 대하여 알아보도록 하겠습니다.


2. Use

SIEM은 전산화된 Infrastructure에서 발생하는 모든 보안 위협을 찾아내기 위해 사용하는 일종의 Monitoring Tool로 볼 수 있습니다.

우선 아래 그림을 통해 2011년과 2012년에 발생한 보안 침해 / 유출 사고의 유형 및 규모를 참조해주세요.



※ 출처 : IBM X-Force 연구소


2011년 통계의 경우 점차 피해 규모가 큰 보안 사고가 발생하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있고,

2012년 통계는 작지만 수 없이 많은 사고들이 발생했다는 것을 볼 수 있습니다.

즉, 어떤 기업이라도 업무 전산화가 되어있다면 결코 안전하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있습니다.

Verison 조사에 따르면, 2011년도 발생된 보안 사고 가운데 약 69%의 사고가 예방 가능할 정도의 로그가 남아있었다고 합니다.

이 말인 즉, 각종 보안 장비 및 여타 시스템에 기록된 로그만 잘 분석했더라면 정보 유출 사고를 겪지 않아도 됐을 것이라는 이야기가 됩니다.

그럼 여기서 과반수 이상의 보안 침해 / 유출 사고를 겪지 않기 위한 명확하고 확실한 Solution이 나왔습니다.

"Infrastructure 내 발생하는 모든 로그를 수집하고, 분석한다."

Network, Server, Security Solution, Application 등 Infra 내에서 발생하는 모든 로그를 수집하는 것입니다.

하지만 지금의 IT 세상은 Big-Data 시대입니다.

Network, Server, Security Solution, Application의 수가 폭발적으로 증가하였고, 이는 로그의 양 또한 기하급수적으로 증가하였다고 볼 수 있습니다. 적게는 1초에 수 백 건, 많게는 1초에 수 십만 건의 로그가 발생하고있습니다.

그렇다면, 수집된 로그를 각 분야 담당자들이 분석하고 결과를 내놓을 수 있을까요?

결론은 불가능합니다.

사람이 할 수 없는 작업입니다.

사람이 할 수 없다면 새로운 System을 통해 위와 같은 업무를 수행해야겠죠.

그 역할을 해주는 것이 바로 'SIEM'입니다.

SIEM은 기본적으로 아래와 같은 구조로 구성됩니다.



그림에서 나타나듯, Infra 내에서 발생하는 모든 Log를 수집하는 것이 기본적으로 수행되고, 이 후 수집된 Log를 개별 분석 / 관계 분석을 통해 각종 Trigger 및 Report하는 것이 주 목적이고, SIEM의 기본적인 구조입니다.


3. Case

이 때 한 가지 의문점이 생기실겁니다.

위 설명을 통해 SIEM의 구조를 봤더니 결국엔 '위험성이 내포된 Log를 놓치지 않고 확인 하는 것이 목적 아닌가?' 하는 것이겠지요.

위험성이 내포된 Log는 각 System에서 지속적으로 알려줄 것이기 때문에 놓치기 힘들 것입니다.

정확히 짚으셨습니다.

하지만 위에서 확인하신 보안 사고를 당한 기업들은 단순히 이런 유형의 공격들이 아니었습니다.

근래에 발견되는 공격들은 이전보다 더 지능적이고, 치밀하며, 쉽게 알기 힘들게끔 행동하고 있습니다.

'전혀 위험해보이지 않는, 평범한 상황인것 같은 Action을 통해 공격한다.'

근래에 많이 나타나고 있는 APT(Advanced Persistence Threat)등이 포함됩니다.

누구나 위험성을 파악할 수 있는 공격이라면 애초에 위 자료와 같은 사고들이 발생하지 않았을 것입니다.

한 가지 예를 들어보겠습니다.

상황 1) 특정 VPN ID가 Log-in을 10회(1일 1회 시도) 실패한 후, Log-in 성공.
              이 후 업무 Server로 접근 시도(Log-in 실패)
일반적으로 봤을 때, 1일 1회 정도의 Log-in Fail은 전혀 아무런 위험성이 없습니다.

하지만 이런 행위가 10일 동안 지속적으로 발생했을 때, 그리고 그 이후 Log-in이 정상적으로 되었을 때는 약간 미심쩍기는 하지만 해당 VPN ID 소유자도 사람인지라 실수로 인한 흔적인 것 같긴합니다.

그러나 그 이후 특정 업무 Server에 Log-in 시도를 했고, 실패했다.

이는 무조건적으로 해커에 의한 공격이라고 갸늠할 수는 없지만, 매우 가능성이 농후한 상황입니다.

위와 같이 여러가지의 로그와 시간 지속성을 두고 상관관계를 분석하여 최종적인 위협을 도출하는 것이 SIEM입니다.

물론 다른 보안 개념과 마찬가지로 절대 100%의 정확성을 갖는 것은 아닙니다.

주저리 주저리 설명이 길었지만, 결국 기존 Security Solution들이 Catch할 수 없었던 위협들을 찾아 줄 수 있다는 장점을 가진 개념이라고 보시면 됩니다.

모든 Server, Network, Security Solution, Application의 Log를 모은 후 서로 분석하여 잠재적인 위협, 은닉 위협을 찾을 수 있다는 기본적인 발상은 참으로 멋진 생각으로 보입니다.